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THE CHEMIST IN THE OLD TIMES, AN ERUDITE GROCER "Homepage illustration : a chemist shop in XIVth century During XIVth century in Europe, the chemists not only must pass an exam but also have to take an oath. They belong to grocers'corporate body and sell various products like sugar, cinnamon or plants and magic things. They prepare by themselves infusions, very appreciated beauty balms and elixirs. Their shops include true medicinal treasures, able to cure any hurt, provided that one accept any price and most of all, be not exposed to vanishing or nausea : indeed, except medicinal plants, many cures are made from animal's products and organs, like frog eyes, stag tears, pigs bladders, slugs, crocodiles and lizards dungs, various insects or brains boars. How many love or youth elixirs came out from these surprising stores ! Some chemists keep as bedside books the "Dungs Manual", written in 1280 by the monk Albert Froot, or the famous "Antidotarium", from the non-less famous Salerna medical school, in Italy. This manual, written in XIth century by Nicolas Myrepse, included 2657 medical formulas. During that dark period, plants are sometimes diverted from its initial virtues to become devil's weapons. Indeed, Joan of Arc will be accused to have "harassed English armies with the magic strength of a "mandragora officinarum" root, hidden under her armour". "Hyoscyamus niger" and "Atropa belladonna" were considered as being used for devilments. "Theriaque" - from old greek "ther" which means wild beast - is a famous elixir made to cure wild animals'bites. It was made from viper's flesh mixed with fifty substances coming from animals, plants and mineral products. But the chemists also know to be serious, in accordance with royal settlements which prohibit to sell dangerous drugs and which require from these "grocers" that they know how to read the prescriptions. The greatest part of the chemists work is to prepare infallibles cures even for the smallest hurts. The shop was opened on the street and the apprentices crushed the ingredients in a mortar, while others are straining, warming up in a cauldron or are distilling in stills. During that time, the chemist receives the orders and weights the cures. To preserve the products, they used clay jugs, or jars made of wood, ceramic or tin. On shelves, are waiting syringes and small vases with spouts, which will be used to take samples, to inject and to mix the various ingredients. - Updated May 18th 2007-
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